Burr Coffee Grinders
The research report includes specific segments by region (country), by manufacturers, by Type and ... Read More
1 Roller Coffee Grinders Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Roller Coffee Grinders
1.2 Roller Coffee Grinders Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Roller Coffee Grinders Market Size Growth Rate Analysis by Type 2022 VS 2028
1.2.2 Small Volume
1.2.3 Large Volume
1.3 Roller Coffee Grinders Segment by Application
1.3.1 Global Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption Comparison by Application: 2022 VS 2028
1.3.2 Commercial
1.3.3 Industrial
1.4 Global Market Growth Prospects
1.4.1 Global Roller Coffee Grinders Revenue Estimates and Forecasts (2017-2028)
1.4.2 Global Roller Coffee Grinders Production Estimates and Forecasts (2017-2028)
1.5 Global Market Size by Region
1.5.1 Global Roller Coffee Grinders Market Size Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
1.5.2 North America Roller Coffee Grinders Estimates and Forecasts (2017-2028)
1.5.3 Europe Roller Coffee Grinders Estimates and Forecasts (2017-2028)
1.5.4 China Roller Coffee Grinders Estimates and Forecasts (2017-2028)
1.5.5 Japan Roller Coffee Grinders Estimates and Forecasts (2017-2028)
2 Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Roller Coffee Grinders Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
2.2 Global Roller Coffee Grinders Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
2.3 Roller Coffee Grinders Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
2.4 Global Roller Coffee Grinders Average Price by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
2.5 Manufacturers Roller Coffee Grinders Production Sites, Area Served, Product Types
2.6 Roller Coffee Grinders Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.6.1 Roller Coffee Grinders Market Concentration Rate
2.6.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Roller Coffee Grinders Players Market Share by Revenue
2.6.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Production by Region
3.1 Global Production of Roller Coffee Grinders Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
3.2 Global Roller Coffee Grinders Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
3.3 Global Roller Coffee Grinders Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
3.4 North America Roller Coffee Grinders Production
3.4.1 North America Roller Coffee Grinders Production Growth Rate (2017-2022)
3.4.2 North America Roller Coffee Grinders Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
3.5 Europe Roller Coffee Grinders Production
3.5.1 Europe Roller Coffee Grinders Production Growth Rate (2017-2022)
3.5.2 Europe Roller Coffee Grinders Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
3.6 China Roller Coffee Grinders Production
3.6.1 China Roller Coffee Grinders Production Growth Rate (2017-2022)
3.6.2 China Roller Coffee Grinders Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
3.7 Japan Roller Coffee Grinders Production
3.7.1 Japan Roller Coffee Grinders Production Growth Rate (2017-2022)
3.7.2 Japan Roller Coffee Grinders Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
4 Global Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption by Region
4.1 Global Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption by Region
4.1.1 Global Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption by Region
4.1.2 Global Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption Market Share by Region
4.2 North America
4.2.1 North America Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption by Country
4.2.2 United States
4.2.3 Canada
4.3 Europe
4.3.1 Europe Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption by Country
4.3.2 Germany
4.3.3 France
4.3.4 U.K.
4.3.5 Italy
4.3.6 Russia
4.4 Asia Pacific
4.4.1 Asia Pacific Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption by Region
4.4.2 China
4.4.3 Japan
4.4.4 South Korea
4.4.5 China Taiwan
4.4.6 Southeast Asia
4.4.7 India
4.4.8 Australia
4.5 Latin America
4.5.1 Latin America Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption by Country
4.5.2 Mexico
4.5.3 Brazil
5 Segment by Type
5.1 Global Roller Coffee Grinders Production Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
5.2 Global Roller Coffee Grinders Revenue Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
5.3 Global Roller Coffee Grinders Price by Type (2017-2022)
6 Segment by Application
6.1 Global Roller Coffee Grinders Production Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
6.2 Global Roller Coffee Grinders Revenue Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
6.3 Global Roller Coffee Grinders Price by Application (2017-2022)
7 Key Companies Profiled
7.1 Modern Process Equipment
7.1.1 Modern Process Equipment Roller Coffee Grinders Corporation Information
7.1.2 Modern Process Equipment Roller Coffee Grinders Product Portfolio
7.1.3 Modern Process Equipment Roller Coffee Grinders Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.1.4 Modern Process Equipment Main Business and Markets Served
7.1.5 Modern Process Equipment Recent Developments/Updates
7.2 Buhler
7.2.1 Buhler Roller Coffee Grinders Corporation Information
7.2.2 Buhler Roller Coffee Grinders Product Portfolio
7.2.3 Buhler Roller Coffee Grinders Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.2.4 Buhler Main Business and Markets Served
7.2.5 Buhler Recent Developments/Updates
7.3 Toper Roasters
7.3.1 Toper Roasters Roller Coffee Grinders Corporation Information
7.3.2 Toper Roasters Roller Coffee Grinders Product Portfolio
7.3.3 Toper Roasters Roller Coffee Grinders Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.3.4 Toper Roasters Main Business and Markets Served
7.3.5 Toper Roasters Recent Developments/Updates
7.4 NEUHAUS NEOTEC
7.4.1 NEUHAUS NEOTEC Roller Coffee Grinders Corporation Information
7.4.2 NEUHAUS NEOTEC Roller Coffee Grinders Product Portfolio
7.4.3 NEUHAUS NEOTEC Roller Coffee Grinders Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.4.4 NEUHAUS NEOTEC Main Business and Markets Served
7.4.5 NEUHAUS NEOTEC Recent Developments/Updates
7.5 Brabender
7.5.1 Brabender Roller Coffee Grinders Corporation Information
7.5.2 Brabender Roller Coffee Grinders Product Portfolio
7.5.3 Brabender Roller Coffee Grinders Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
7.5.4 Brabender Main Business and Markets Served
7.5.5 Brabender Recent Developments/Updates
8 Roller Coffee Grinders Manufacturing Cost Analysis
8.1 Roller Coffee Grinders Key Raw Materials Analysis
8.1.1 Key Raw Materials
8.1.2 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
8.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Roller Coffee Grinders
8.4 Roller Coffee Grinders Industrial Chain Analysis
9 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers
9.1 Marketing Channel
9.2 Roller Coffee Grinders Distributors List
9.3 Roller Coffee Grinders Customers
10 Market Dynamics
10.1 Roller Coffee Grinders Industry Trends
10.2 Roller Coffee Grinders Market Drivers
10.3 Roller Coffee Grinders Market Challenges
10.4 Roller Coffee Grinders Market Restraints
11 Production and Supply Forecast
11.1 Global Forecasted Production of Roller Coffee Grinders by Region (2023-2028)
11.2 North America Roller Coffee Grinders Production, Revenue Forecast (2023-2028)
11.3 Europe Roller Coffee Grinders Production, Revenue Forecast (2023-2028)
11.4 China Roller Coffee Grinders Production, Revenue Forecast (2023-2028)
11.5 Japan Roller Coffee Grinders Production, Revenue Forecast (2023-2028)
12 Consumption and Demand Forecast
12.1 Global Forecasted Demand Analysis of Roller Coffee Grinders
12.2 North America Forecasted Consumption of Roller Coffee Grinders by Country
12.3 Europe Market Forecasted Consumption of Roller Coffee Grinders by Country
12.4 Asia Pacific Market Forecasted Consumption of Roller Coffee Grinders by Region
12.5 Latin America Forecasted Consumption of Roller Coffee Grinders by Country
13 Forecast by Type and by Application (2023-2028)
13.1 Global Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
13.1.1 Global Forecasted Production of Roller Coffee Grinders by Type (2023-2028)
13.1.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Roller Coffee Grinders by Type (2023-2028)
13.1.3 Global Forecasted Price of Roller Coffee Grinders by Type (2023-2028)
13.2 Global Forecasted Consumption of Roller Coffee Grinders by Application (2023-2028)
13.2.1 Global Forecasted Production of Roller Coffee Grinders by Application (2023-2028)
13.2.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Roller Coffee Grinders by Application (2023-2028)
13.2.3 Global Forecasted Price of Roller Coffee Grinders by Application (2023-2028)
14 Research Finding and Conclusion
15 Methodology and Data Source
15.1 Methodology/Research Approach
15.1.1 Research Programs/Design
15.1.2 Market Size Estimation
15.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
15.2 Data Source
15.2.1 Secondary Sources
15.2.2 Primary Sources
15.3 Author List
15.4 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Market Size by Type (K Units) & (US$ Million) (2022 VS 2028)
Table 2. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Market Size by Application (K Units) & (US$ Million) (2022 VS 2028)
Table 3. Roller Coffee Grinders Market Size Comparison by Region: 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
Table 4. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Production by Manufacturers (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 5. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Production (K Units) by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
Table 6. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
Table 7. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Revenue by Manufacturers (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 8. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Roller Coffee Grinders as of 2021)
Table 10. Global Market Roller Coffee Grinders Average Price (US$/Unit) of Key Manufacturers (2017-2022)
Table 11. Manufacturers Roller Coffee Grinders Production Sites and Area Served
Table 12. Manufacturers Roller Coffee Grinders Product Types
Table 13. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 14. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
Table 15. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Production (K Units) by Region (2017-2022)
Table 16. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Revenue (US$ Million) by Region (2017-2022)
Table 17. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
Table 18. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 19. North America Roller Coffee Grinders Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 20. Europe Roller Coffee Grinders Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 21. China Roller Coffee Grinders Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 22. Japan Roller Coffee Grinders Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 23. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption Market by Region (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 24. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
Table 25. North America Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption by Country (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 26. Europe Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption by Country (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 27. Asia Pacific Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption by Region (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 28. Latin America Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption by Country (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 29. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Production (K Units) by Type (2017-2022)
Table 30. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Production Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
Table 31. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2017-2022)
Table 32. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Revenue Share by Type (2017-2022)
Table 33. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2017-2022)
Table 34. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Production by Application (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Table 35. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Production Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
Table 36. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Revenue (US$ Million) by Application (2017-2022)
Table 37. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Revenue Share by Application (2017-2022)
Table 38. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2017-2022)
Table 39. Modern Process Equipment Roller Coffee Grinders Corporation Information
Table 40. Modern Process Equipment Specification and Application
Table 41. Modern Process Equipment Roller Coffee Grinders Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 42. Modern Process Equipment Main Business and Markets Served
Table 43. Modern Process Equipment Recent Developments/Updates
Table 44. Buhler Roller Coffee Grinders Corporation Information
Table 45. Buhler Specification and Application
Table 46. Buhler Roller Coffee Grinders Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 47. Buhler Main Business and Markets Served
Table 48. Buhler Recent Developments/Updates
Table 49. Toper Roasters Roller Coffee Grinders Corporation Information
Table 50. Toper Roasters Specification and Application
Table 51. Toper Roasters Roller Coffee Grinders Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 52. Toper Roasters Main Business and Markets Served
Table 53. Toper Roasters Recent Developments/Updates
Table 54. NEUHAUS NEOTEC Roller Coffee Grinders Corporation Information
Table 55. NEUHAUS NEOTEC Specification and Application
Table 56. NEUHAUS NEOTEC Roller Coffee Grinders Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 57. NEUHAUS NEOTEC Main Business and Markets Served
Table 58. NEUHAUS NEOTEC Recent Developments/Updates
Table 59. Brabender Roller Coffee Grinders Corporation Information
Table 60. Brabender Specification and Application
Table 61. Brabender Roller Coffee Grinders Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Table 62. Brabender Main Business and Markets Served
Table 63. Brabender Recent Developments/Updates
Table 64. Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Table 65. Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Table 66. Roller Coffee Grinders Distributors List
Table 67. Roller Coffee Grinders Customers List
Table 68. Roller Coffee Grinders Market Trends
Table 69. Roller Coffee Grinders Market Drivers
Table 70. Roller Coffee Grinders Market Challenges
Table 71. Roller Coffee Grinders Market Restraints
Table 72. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2023-2028)
Table 73. North America Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption Forecast by Country (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 74. Europe Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption Forecast by Country (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 75. Asia Pacific Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption Forecast by Region (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 76. Latin America Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption Forecast by Country (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 77. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Production Forecast by Type (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 78. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Revenue Forecast by Type (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 79. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Price Forecast by Type (2023-2028) & (US$/Unit)
Table 80. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Production Forecast by Application (2023-2028) & (K Units)
Table 81. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Revenue Forecast by Application (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 82. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Price Forecast by Application (2023-2028) & (US$/Unit)
Table 83. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 84. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 85. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Roller Coffee Grinders
Figure 2. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Market Share by Type: 2022 VS 2028
Figure 3. Small Volume Product Picture
Figure 4. Large Volume Product Picture
Figure 5. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Market Share by Application: 2022 VS 2028
Figure 6. Commercial
Figure 7. Industrial
Figure 8. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Revenue (US$ Million), 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
Figure 9. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Revenue (US$ Million) (2017-2028)
Figure 10. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Production (K Units) & (2017-2028)
Figure 11. North America Roller Coffee Grinders Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Figure 12. Europe Roller Coffee Grinders Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Figure 13. China Roller Coffee Grinders Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Figure 14. Japan Roller Coffee Grinders Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Figure 15. Roller Coffee Grinders Production Share by Manufacturers in 2021
Figure 16. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2021
Figure 17. Roller Coffee Grinders Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2017 VS 2021
Figure 18. Global Market Roller Coffee Grinders Average Price (US$/Unit) of Key Manufacturers in 2021
Figure 19. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Roller Coffee Grinders Revenue in 2021
Figure 20. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Production Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
Figure 21. North America Roller Coffee Grinders Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure 22. Europe Roller Coffee Grinders Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure 23. China Roller Coffee Grinders Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure 24. Japan Roller Coffee Grinders Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2017-2022)
Figure 25. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
Figure 26. North America Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 27. North America Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption Market Share by Country in 2021
Figure 28. Canada Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 29. U.S. Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 30. Europe Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 31. Europe Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption Market Share by Country in 2021
Figure 32. Germany Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 33. France Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 34. U.K. Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 35. Italy Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 36. Russia Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 37. Asia Pacific Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 38. Asia Pacific Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2021
Figure 39. China Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 40. Japan Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 41. South Korea Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 42. China Taiwan Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 43. Southeast Asia Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 44. India Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 45. Australia Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 46. Latin America Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 47. Latin America Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption Market Share by Country in 2021
Figure 48. Mexico Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 49. Brazil Roller Coffee Grinders Consumption and Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (K Units)
Figure 50. Production Market Share of Roller Coffee Grinders by Type (2017-2022)
Figure 51. Production Market Share of Roller Coffee Grinders by Type in 2021
Figure 52. Revenue Share of Roller Coffee Grinders by Type (2017-2022)
Figure 53. Revenue Market Share of Roller Coffee Grinders by Type in 2021
Figure 54. Production Market Share of Roller Coffee Grinders by Application (2017-2022)
Figure 55. Production Market Share of Roller Coffee Grinders by Application in 2021
Figure 56. Revenue Share of Roller Coffee Grinders by Application (2017-2022)
Figure 57. Revenue Market Share of Roller Coffee Grinders by Application in 2021
Figure 58. Manufacturing Cost Structure of Roller Coffee Grinders
Figure 59. Manufacturing Process Analysis of Roller Coffee Grinders
Figure 60. Roller Coffee Grinders Industrial Chain Analysis
Figure 61. Channels of Distribution
Figure 62. Distributors Profiles
Figure 63. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2023-2028)
Figure 64. North America Roller Coffee Grinders Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
Figure 65. Europe Roller Coffee Grinders Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
Figure 66. China Roller Coffee Grinders Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
Figure 67. Japan Roller Coffee Grinders Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
Figure 68. Global Forecasted Demand Analysis of Roller Coffee Grinders (2017-2028) & (K Units)
Figure 69. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Production Market Share Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
Figure 70. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
Figure 71. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Production Market Share Forecast by Application (2023-2028)
Figure 72. Global Roller Coffee Grinders Revenue Market Share Forecast by Application (2023-2028)
Figure 73. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 74. Data Triangulation
Modern Process Equipment Buhler Toper Roasters NEUHAUS NEOTEC Brabender
The research report includes specific segments by region (country), by manufacturers, by Type and ... Read More
The research report includes specific segments by region (country), by manufacturers, by Type and ... Read More
The research report includes specific segments by region (country), by company, by Type and by Ap ... Read More